In the operation of public toilets, a significant amount of ventilation is commonly employed to maintain proper air quality. However, this inevitably leads to energy wastage and compromises the thermal comfort within the area during winter. To enhance and optimize the ventilation of traditional toilets, this research adopts computational fluid dynamics simulation techniques. It conducts both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the performance of toilet bowl ventilation (TBV) technology across various airflow conditions, commode models, H