OBJECTIVE: Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare hereditary dermatosis, and the correlation between genotype and phenotype in this disease warrants further investigation. This study aimed to explore the genotype-phenotype correlation in NS. METHODS: We collect cases from our clinic and relevant literature. After rigorous screening, we included 162 patients with NS-associated symptoms and SPINK5 mutations. We characterized the distribution and mutation types of allele variants. Logistic regression was employed to analyze the correlation between the location of these variants and phenotypes. Additionally, the association between the homozygous condition of variants and death during infancy was analyzed using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: Among 162 patients, we identified 324 allele variants, comprising 75 different mutations. Of these, 73 patients carried heterozygous variants, while 89 patients had homozygous variants. We observed that patients with variants or homozygous variants located in the 5' half of the gene were more likely to experience failure to thrive ( CONCLUSION: Our study provides valuable insights into the genotype-phenotype correlation in Netherton syndrome, enhancing our understanding of the disease and potentially informing the development of future therapeutic approaches.