Soil contamination by heavy metals represents a critical environmental risk. Innovative and sustainable remediation strategies are urgently needed to address this global challenge. Biochar, derived from biomass pyrolysis, has gained attention as an eco-friendly material for heavy metal adsorption. However, its adsorption performance is highly dependent on the pyrolysis conditions and can be further enhanced through functionalization. In this study, wheat straw biochar was optimized for enhanced porosity, carbon content, and structural stability and further functionalized by incorporating metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to create a high-performance nanocomposite. Three MOFs-ZIF-8, UiO-66, and MIL-100(Fe)-were evaluated for their Cu