Accessibility to automated monitoring devices (AMD) has led to exploration of alternative reproductive management to ovulation synchronization protocols (OvSP) for first postpartum AI according to the cow's early postpartum estrus characteristics (EPEC). We hypothesized that pregnancy and economic outcomes of cows subjected to a targeted reproductive management (TRM) are not inferior to those of cows subjected to an OvSP for the first AI. This was a noninferiority, randomized clinical trial. Cows (n = 2,635) from one dairy were fitted with AMD and classified according to EPEC at 45 ± 3 DIM as estrual (high intensity AMD-detected estrus [primiparous: heat index ≥90, multiparous: heat index ≥70
0 = minimum, 100 = maximum]) and anestrus (no estrus or low intensity estrus). Cows in the control treatment were enrolled in the Double-Ovsynch (GnRH on d -27, PGF