Objectives: To identify the main indications for bone marrow aspiration in No.108 military central hospital and the most common diagnoses encountered. To identify the extent of correlation between the preliminary diagnosis and the result of the tinal bone marrow diagnosis. Methods: The requests and reports of all bone marrow aspirations carried out during a 5 year period from January 2008 through to December 2013
in No.108 military central hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Results: There was a total of 2535 bone marrow aspirations performed. The main indications for bone marrow aspiration in a descending order of frequency were the following: The diagnosis and management of acute leukemia 305 (12,1 percent) of multiple myeloma 366 (14,4 percent) staging for lymphoma 150 (5,9 percent), evaluation of pancytopenia 185 (7,3 percent), thrombocytopenia 143 (6,8 percent), investigation of anemia 344 (13,6 percent, fever (pyrexia of unknown origin) 192 (7,6 percent), bone marrow metastatic of cancer 142 (5,6 percent) and hepatosplenomegaly 73 (2,9 percent). The most common diagnoses encountered were: hypoplastic marrow syndromes 270 (13,1 percent), hyperproliferative anemias 97(4,6 percent),. bone marrow positive for lymphomatous infiltration 71 (3,4 percent), and multiple myeloma 134 (6,5 percent), acute myeloblastic leukemia 86 (4,2 percent), acute lymphoblastic leukemia 62 (2,8 percent), immune thrombocytopenia 143 (6,8 percent), chronic granulocytic leukemia 25 (1,2 percent), and normal bone marrow 816 (39,4 percent). Conclusion: This study confirms that bone marrow aspiration is a very important investigation for establishing the diagnosis in many conditions, especially hematological neoplasms. The most common indication for this procedure in the hospital was to confirm and manage acute leukaemia, multiple myeloma, investigation of anemia and the most common diagnosis was acute myeloblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma and hypoplastic marrow syndromes.