This descriptive-evaluative study was undertaken in order to evaluate the current condition of the Co pig population in Nghe An province, Vietnam in terms of size, structure and effective size. It was conducted from September, 2011 to January, 2012. Based on its current population structure, the Co pig can be classified as a rare breed and even though the effective population size is less than 500. Most of the Co pig raisers are small holders with insufficient capital and inadequate technical knowledge to expand their operation and the production efficiency. Co pigs had good adaptability and high resistance against diseases. In consideration of the significant contribution of the Co pig, the government should spearhead measures so that the pig breed will be conserved and further developed through the development and application of appropriate technologies related to pig breeding, nutrition and health management.