Autonomy is thought to be indispensable in tertiary education. In order to transform Vietnam's tertiary education system that reflects a market economy and a knowledge-based economy, autonomy and social responsibility is necessary in all institutions. This would be a breakthrough in tertiary education in Vietnam. Autonomy and social responsibility are inseparable and share a dialectical relationship such that autonomy cannot be parted from social responsibility and vice versa. A democratic procedure should result in the creation of laws, with voting a duty. Autonomy, tempered with self-responsibility, is necessary for all tertiary education institutions. They are to take the initiative to plan a development strategy, route and stages to match their potential and current conditions.