Low back pain (LBP) is a highly prevalent condition among healthcare providers (HCPs) worldwide. The physical demands of their jobs predispose them to risk of LBP and other musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). LBP is multifactorial and is thus influenced by psychosocial and occupational risk factors. LBP affects the health and productivity of HCPs and needs to be addressed. This review investigated the psychosocial and occupational factors associated with LBP among HCPs. This research adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Key medical research databases were searched for relevant studies published between 2016 and 2024. Elaborate inclusion/exclusion criteria were implemented to filter down to 14 full-text studies that were included in this systematic review. The 14 studies pointed toward a varying, high prevalence of LBP among HCPs across different regions. Key risk factors for LBP were high physical workload, poor ergonomics, and psychosocial stressors such as high stress levels, job dissatisfaction, and emotional exhaustion. Shift patterns, workload, and other occupational factors influenced LBP prevalence. High physical workload, poor ergonomics, and repetitive tasks were identified as significant risk factors for LBP. Comprehensive interventions targeting ergonomic training, stress management programs, workplace policy modifications, and targeted strategies for high-risk groups are recommended to address the highly prevalent LBP among HCPs.