BACKGROUND: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) can lead to life-threatening respiratory failure necessitating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. However, data on ECMO experience in the management of IA patients are scarce. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the potential benefits and risks of ECMO as a supportive intervention for critically ill patients with IA. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the literature using the search terms ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, Aspergillus and Aspergillosis in two databases (Medline and Scopus). Clinical data were extracted by two independent investigators. Clinical parameters, such as mode of ECMO support, duration of treatment and clinical outcomes, were assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 32 patients were included in the analysis. The age ranged from 5 to 69 years, 59% were male, and 38% were female. The majority of patients suffered from ARDS (82%). 82% received VV-ECMO, and 18% received VA-ECMO. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most frequent cause of IA, coinfections were frequently observed (51%). The overall mortality was 78%. Complications during ECMO support were observed in 21 of the 39 cases (53.8%). CONCLUSIONS: IA poses significant management challenges for critically ill ICU patients, even with ECMO support. Although ECMO appears to improve survival of patients at high risk of AI, potential risks such as bacterial superinfection and altered pharmacokinetics of antifungal drugs must be carefully considered.