BACKGROUND: Histoplasmosis is an important infection among transplant recipients. Few studies have described its epidemiology and outcomes in the modern era. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis using medical records from a single center in the United States. We included patients 18 years or older with histoplasmosis. We divided the cohort into transplant recipients and immunocompetent groups to assess the outcomes in both groups. We utilized Cox hazard models to assess 90-day all-cause mortality. RESULTS: The study included 137 patients
with 28 (20%) transplant recipients. After the first year post-transplant, patients with lung transplant (30%) had a diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Transplant recipients exhibited a significantly higher incidence of disseminated histoplasmosis than immunocompetent patients (64% vs. 34%, p = 0.001), higher admission to ICU (39% vs. 16%
p = 0.01) and higher but not significant 90-day crude all-cause mortality (14% vs. 11%, p = 0.71). Patients with transplants had a higher, but not significant hazard of all-cause mortality at 90 days (hazard ratio: 1.5
95% confidence interval: 0.4-3.9) when compared to immunocompetent patients. CONCLUSION: Transplant recipients were more commonly diagnosed with histoplasmosis after the first year post-transplantation, and although they exhibited a higher hazard for death at 90 days, this increase was not statistically significant.