Long bone and craniofacial bone fractures amount to an overwhelming expenditure for patients and health care systems each year. Overall, 5-10% of all bone fractures result in some form of delayed or nonunion fractures. Nonunions occur from insufficient mechanical stabilization or a compromised wound environment lacking in vasculature and progenitor cells. The current standard for treating these critical-sized fractures and defects is the use of autologous bone grafts. However, advancements in tissue engineering have cultivated a shift in scientific efforts toward harnessing the body's own regenerative resources. As such, research on fracture healing has shifted as well. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ-1) has been studied in fracture healing for over 25 years, though many of these studies have been