BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that neighborhoods characterized by higher walkability are related to a reduced risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD), whereas exposure to PM METHODS: This prospective cohort study was performed in Yinzhou, Ningbo, China, comprising 47,516 participants. Individual-level walkability and PM RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 5.14 years, 1735 incident cases of IHD were identified. Adjusted HRs (95 % CIs) were 1.56 (1.34-1.81) per 10 μg/m CONCLUSION: Walkability was inversely associated with risk of IHD, whereas exposure to PM