The impact of aquaculture, especially of catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), on the sustainability of agricultural development was investigated. Quality of water and pond mud and their effects on surrounding soil and water resources were conducted at An Giang, Can Tho, Dong Thap and Tra Vinh provinces in 2009. The results showed that the pond water and mud were high in nutrients (NH4-N, P, K, Ca and Mg) which could cause eutrophication in the surrounding water resources. The concentration of heavy metals (As, Hg, Pb), Cu and Zn in the pond water and mud were low or not detectable. Agrochemicals (organic-P and -CI derivatives) were lower than "detection levels. However, the pond water discharged to the rivers had very high BODs and contained high populations of harmful microorganisms (E. Coli and Colifonn) which negatively affect fanners'health. Soils surrounding the pond were enriched with and harmful microbes but their cation exchange capacity had been substantially increased by 7.9 percent and 24.4 percent at Can Tho and An Giang sites, respectively.