Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli strains, particularly those producing Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) and Carbapenemase (CR-Ec), represents a serious global health threat. These resistant strains have been associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs, as they limit the effectiveness of standard antibiotic therapies. The prevalence of ESBL- and CR-Ec-producing strains continues to rise, driven by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in healthcare and agricultural settings, and facilitated by global interconnectedness through international travel, trade, and food distribution. This review article examines the molecular mechanisms behind ESBL and CR resistance, focusing on the key genes involved in these processes, such as bla