Cancer therapy-induced thrombocytopenia (CT-IT) is one of the most common hematological toxicities of anti-cancer therapy, often leading to treatment dose reduced, postponed, or treatment plans altered or even discontinued. Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the only key regulatory factor in platelet production, and TPO receptor is considered an ideal target for the treatment of thrombocytopenia. Thrombopoietic agents, including recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) and thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs), bind to different regions of the TPO receptor, activating downstream signaling pathways to increase platelet levels. In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of thrombopoietic agents in the management of CT-IT. These agents can reduce bleeding risk, decrease platelet transfusions, and maintain relative dose intensity (RDI) of anti-cancer treatments. This article provides a review of the current progress in the application of thrombopoietic agents for CT-IT management.