Phthalates are synthetic compounds, well-known plasticizers, with numerous applications and reported to have adverse effects on all living organisms residing in terrestrial and aquatic environments. In this study, the rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings were exposed to di-butyl phthalate (DBP) exogenously for 7 days, with varying concentrations of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg/L, to explore the toxicological, physiological, and biochemical consequences by measuring various parameters such as pigment, lipid, and H