Shoot apical meristem (SAM) is the origin of aerial structure formation in the plant life cycle. However, the mechanisms underlying the maize SAM development are still obscure. Here, approximately 12 700 cells were captured from the 5-day-old shoot apex of maize using a high-throughput single-cell transcriptome sequencing. According to the gene expression patterns, we partitioned the cells into 8 cell types with 13 transcriptionally distinct cell clusters and traced the developmental trajectory of shoot apex. Regulatory network analysis of transcription factors (TFs) showed that three core TFs, AP2-EREBP-transcription factor 14 (ZmEREB14, Zm00001d052087), MYB histone 4 (ZmMYB4) and HSF-transcription factor 8 (ZmHSF8) potentially regulated the SAM development. Functional validation revealed that ZmEREB14 affected the SAM development and thereby regulated the maize yield formation. Our results characterised the inherent heterogeneity of SAM at single-cell resolution and provided new insights into the mechanisms of SAM development.