Research on metasurface sensors with high sensitivity, strong specificity, good biocompatibility and strong integration is the key to promote the application of terahertz waves in the field of biomedical detection. However, traditional metallic terahertz metasurfaces have shortcomings such as poor biocompatibility and large ohmic loss in the terahertz frequency band, impeding their further application and integration in the field of biosensing detection. Here, we overcome this challenge by proposing a high-performance terahertz metasurface based on gold nanoparticles and single-walled carbon nanotubes composite film. Compared with metal materials, carbon nanotubes not only have better biocompatibility, which can reduce the potential adverse reactions between metasurfaces and biological samples, but also have strong tunability in electrical and optical properties. Experimentally, we reveal a method to adjust the dielectric properties of single-walled carbon nanotube films by doping with gold nanoparticles. Leveraging this mechanism, we designed and prepared a single-walled carbon nanotube terahertz metasurface composed of periodically arranged asymmetric open resonant rings. Compared with pure single-walled carbon nanotube films, this device based on a composite single-walled carbon nanotube films have better localized electromagnetic field enhancement characteristics. Through integration with microfluidic channels, this metasurface sensor can achieve direct detection of SAA proteins in solution environments at the fM level. In addition, the device also exhibits a detection sensitivity of 41 GHz/fM. This work has not only made significant progress in the design and function of new high-sensitivity carbon-based terahertz metasurfaces, but also laid the foundation for its application in liquid environment detection of trace biological samples.