Environmental biotechnological processes encompass the utilization of microorganisms for various applications, such as wastewater treatment, bioproduct formation, and waste management. Kinetic modeling plays a crucial role in optimizing and designing these processes. This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the kinetic models used in environmental biotechnological processes, focusing on the kinetics of microbial growth, bioproduct formation, substrate consumption, and pollutant degradation. Firstly, by investigating their origins, derivations, and development, we clarified the theoretical basis and practical implications of key models, such as the Gompertz, Logistic, first-order, Cone, Monod, Andrews, Shepherd, Stover-Kincannon, Grau, and Arrhenius models. Secondly, we highlighted the extension of the models from microbial growth kinetics to bioproduction kinetics, showcasing their versatility and applicability across different domains. In addition, critical parameters within the models were discussed, providing insights into their importance for characterizing and predicting biotechnological processes. Overall, this paper will deepen the understanding of biotechnological kinetic processes and lay the foundation for their practical applications.