Sand-dust weather seriously reduces the effectiveness of computer vision equipment acquisition. To solve this problem, a fast sand-dust video quality improvement method based on color correction and illumination compensation is proposed in this paper. The mapping function strategy designed in the paper has two methods for dealing with sand-dust video frames. The first method has two steps: one is to correct the color cast of sand-dust video frames using a color correction and stretching algorithm, and the other is to use an illumination compensation algorithm to supplement and enhance the missing light to make the frame clearer. The second method uses the mapping functions of each color channel to improve the quality of the sand-dust video frames to be processed to reduce the amount of calculation. The first frame of the video is processed using the first method. Then, the processing method of each frame after the first frame of the video is determined according to its interframe detection value with the buffer frame. The first method is used to improve the quality of frames whose interframe detection values are less than the threshold value, and the second method is used to improve the quality of frames whose interframe detection values are not less than the threshold value until all frames are processed to obtain the sand-dust video with quality improvement. The experimental results are compared with existing relevant methods through qualitative and quantitative comprehensive experiments on sand-dust videos and images. It is proven that our improved frame method has the best visual effect in improving the quality of sand-dust images, and the quantitative evaluation indicators are the best. The mapping function strategy can improve the processing efficiency of videos in the experimental data by an average of 2.08 times compared with the total time of framewise processing.