Background Hepatitis B, a widespread and potentially life-threatening viral infection, affects millions globally. Transmission occurs through exposure to the bodily fluids of infected individuals, placing healthcare workers (HCWs) at heightened risk due to frequent contact with patients. This study evaluated hepatitis B vaccination rates, causes of incomplete immunization, and incidents of needlestick injuries among HCWs at Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Sudan. Methods Seventy-three HCWs from the different departments of Khartoum teaching hospital departments were recruited. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire following informed verbal consent. The collected data focused on hepatitis B vaccine adherence and barriers to full vaccination. Results Of the 73 HCWs (primarily aged 20-30 years), 30 (41.1%) had completed the three-dose vaccination regimen as per guidelines. In contrast, 14 (19.2%) received partial doses, and 29 (39.7%) were unvaccinated. The predominant reason cited for incomplete or absent vaccination was vaccine unavailability. Additionally, 25 (34.2%) reported prior needlestick injuries or exposure to contaminated materials, with fully vaccinated HCWs showing a statistically significant association with reduced exposure risk (p<
0.05). Conclusion Inadequate vaccine coverage and supply shortages resulted in incomplete immunization among HCWs. Contributing factors include insufficient awareness and underestimation of hepatitis B's severe outcomes by medical professionals.