The distribution of long-wavelength sensitive (L) and middle-wavelength sensitive (M) cones in the retina determines how different frequencies of incident light are sampled across space, and has been hypothesized to influence spatial and color vision. We asked whether the detection and color naming of small, short-duration increment stimuli depend on the relative numbers of L and M cones illuminated. Stimuli were corrected for optical aberrations by an adaptive optics system, and targeted to locations in the parafovea where cone spectral types were known. We found that sensitivity to 680 nm light, normalized by sensitivity to 543 nm light, grew with the proportion of L cones at the stimulated locus, though intra- and intersubject variability was considerable. A similar trend was derived from a simple model of the achromatic (L+M) pathway, as well as from photoreceptor-level ideal observers, suggesting that small spot detection mainly relies on a non-opponent mechanism. Most stimuli were called achromatic, with red and green responses becoming more common as stimulus intensity and local L/M ratio symmetry increased. Our detection data confirm earlier reports that small spot psychophysics can reveal information about local cone topography, and our color naming findings suggest that chromatic sensitivity may improve when the L/M ratio approaches unity.