Messenger RNA (mRNA) has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and genetic disorders. The mRNA-based therapeutics have gained significant attention due to their ability to regulate targeted cells, activate immune cells, and avoid potential risks associated with DNA-based technology. However, the clinical application of mRNA in cancer therapy is hindered by the instability of RNA, physiological barriers, and the risk of immunogenic hurdles. To overcome these challenges and ensure the safe delivery of mRNA therapeutics to target sites, nanoparticle-based delivery systems have been explored as potential tools in vitro and in vivo applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of mRNA therapy, discussing its advantages and limitations, delivery strategies and materials, as well as applications in different fields. By exploring these aspects, the researcher can gain a more complete understanding of the current state, prospects, and challenges of mRNA technologies.