The rising incidence of stroke has created a significant global public health challenge. The immersive qualities of virtual reality (VR) technology, along with its distinct advantages, make it a promising tool for stroke rehabilitation. To address this challenge, developing VR-based upper limb rehabilitation systems has become a critical research focus. This study developed and evaluated an innovative ArmVR system that combines VR technology with rehabilitation hardware to improve recovery outcomes for stroke patients. Through comprehensive assessments, including neurofeedback, pressure feedback, and subjective feedback, the results suggest that VR technology has the potential to positively support the recovery of cognitive and motor functions. Different VR environments affect rehabilitation outcomes: forest scenarios aid emotional relaxation, while city scenarios better activate motor centers in stroke patients. The study also identified variations in responses among different user groups. Normal users showed significant changes in cognitive function, whereas stroke patients primarily experienced motor function recovery. These findings suggest that VR-integrated rehabilitation systems possess great potential, and personalized design can further enhance recovery outcomes, meet diverse patient needs, and ultimately improve quality of life.