Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathologic change (LATE-NC), is common in elderly brains and often seen in conjunction with Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ADNC). LATE-NC typically begins in the amygdala and spreads to the hippocampus and neocortex. Whether it contributes to hippocampal and amygdala atrophy in Down syndrome (DS) remains unexplored. We analyzed amygdala and hippocampal volumes and neuropathological burden in 12 DS cases and 54 non-DS cases with AD and related neurodegenerative pathologies (ADRNP) using 7 Tesla (7T) postmortem ex vivo MRI. Postmortem and antemortem hippocampal volumes were significantly correlated in a subset of 17 cases with available antemortem MRI scans. DS cases had smaller hippocampal and amygdala volumes than ADRNP cases
these correlated with more severe Braak stage but not with Thal phase. LATE-NC and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) were uncommon in DS cases. In ADRNP cases, lower hippocampal volumes associated with dementia duration, advanced Thal phase, Braak NFT stage, C score, LATE-NC stage, HS and arteriolosclerosis severity
reduced amygdala volumes correlated with severe LATE-NC stage, HS, and arteriolosclerosis severity, but not with Thal phase or Braak NFT stage. Lewy body pathology did not affect hippocampal or amygdala volume in either cohort. Thus, hippocampal volumes in ADRNP were influenced by both ADNC and LATE-NC, and amygdala volumes were primarily influenced by LATE-NC. In DS, hippocampal and amygdala volumes were primarily influenced by tau pathology.