BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B is one of the major global health issues, which presents a particularly severe challenge within the confines of African prisons, characterized by high rates of transmission and limited access to adequate healthcare. The prevalence of Hepatitis B in these settings represents a silent crisis. OBJECTIVE: This research highlights the critical public health emergency posed by Hepatitis B in African prisons, underscoring the need for urgent intervention and comprehensive strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to investigate the public health challenges posed by Hepatitis B in African prisons. The search focused on peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, and original literature published from 2000 to 2024. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were utilized. RESULTS: The prison environment, marked by overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, and high-risk behaviors, fosters the rapid spread of Hepatitis B. The transmission is further exacerbated by limited access to vaccination, insufficient screening programs, and a lack of awareness among inmates and prison staff. Consequently, the incidence of Hepatitis B in African prisons is significantly higher than in the general population, creating a reservoir of infection that poses a broader public health threat upon prisoners' release. Addressing this crisis requires a multifaceted approach. CONCLUSION: This research calls for immediate and sustained action to mitigate the Hepatitis B crisis in African prisons. By prioritizing this issue within public health agendas, we can reduce transmission rates, improve health outcomes for inmates, and protect broader community health. The urgency of addressing Hepatitis B in African prisons cannot be overstated, as it represents a critical juncture in the fight against infectious diseases in marginalized populations.