UNLABELLED: The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450) are the largest enzyme family in plant metabolism, playing a key role in the biosynthesis of both primary and secondary metabolites. However, the CYP450 has not yet been systematically characterized in Dendrobium species. In this study, 193 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-025-01555-9.