African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal, infectious, hemorrhagic fever disease, characterized by an acute mortality rate approaching 100%. It is highly contagious, and results in significant losses to the global hog industry as it spreads. Despite incremental progress in research on the African swine fever virus (ASFV), a safe and effective commercial vaccine has yet to be developed. Vector vaccines, a promising type of vaccine, offer unique advantages, and are a primary focus in ASFV vaccine research. This paper focuses on the characteristics of viral, bacterial, and yeast vector vaccines
elucidates the immunological mechanisms associated with antigens
lists the types of antigens that have significant potential
discusses the feasibility of using exogenously expressed cytokines to enhance the protective power of vector vaccines
and, finally, discusses the types of vectors that are commonly used and the latest advances in this field.