OBJECTIVE: Animals will experience energy deprivation processes such as moulting, clutching, migration and long-distance transportation under natural survival conditions and in production practices, and the body will trigger a series of adaptive metabolic changes during these processes. Fasting and refeeding after fasting can induce remodeling of nutrients and energy metabolism. This study aims to investigate the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota and liver of poultry respond to energy deprivation under specific conditions. METHODS: Ninety 252-day-old laying hens were randomly divided into 3 groups: (1) fed ad libitum (control group)
(2) fasted from day 13 to day 17 (fasting group)
(3) fasted from day 1 to day 5, then refed on a specific feeding way (refeeding group). After that, the serum, liver, jejunum tissues, and cecum contents were sampled and sent for metabolome, transcriptome, morphology, and 16S rDNA sequencing analyses, respectively. RESULTS: Results showed that food deprivation not only observably decreased the body weight, liver index, and the villus height and villus/crypt ratio of jejunum, but also significantly changed the gut microbiota compositions, serum metabolic profiles, and the hepatic gene expression patterns of laying hens, whereas these changes were effectively reversed by the following refeeding operation. At the same time, metabolome combined transcriptome analysis revealed that both serum differential metabolites and hepatic differential expressed genes (DEGs) were consistently enriched in the lipid and amino metabolism pathways, and strong correlations were synchronously found between the differential metabolites and both of the differential gut microbial genera and DEGs, suggesting the crosstalks among gut, liver and their resulting serum metabolic products. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that the organism might coordinate to maintain metabolic homeostasis under energy deprivation through a combination of changes in gut microbial composition and hepatic gene expression.