A 68-year-old woman was diagnosed with clinical T3N1M0 middle thoracic esophageal cancer. Preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography indicated a right superior posterior pulmonary vein (RSPPV) anomaly, which ran behind the right intermediate bronchus. The patient underwent thoracoscopic esophagectomy with mediastinal lymph node (LN) dissection. Before we began the dissection of the right subcarinal LN, we administered indocyanine green intravenously to confirm the running position of the anomalous RSPPV, and we were able to ascertain its placement accurately with correct recognition of the difference between the blood vessels and surrounding tissue. Although the patient had LN metastasis adjacent to this anomalous vessel and the dissection procedure was tough due to tightly adhesion, intraoperative fluorescent imaging enabled us to perform the dissection without any superfluous vascular injury. Intraoperative fluorescent imaging is very useful in such cases, providing accurate intraoperative information on the location of the anomaly and facilitating safer surgery.