This study explores the changes in suicidal behavior among Chinese university students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The prevalence of lifetime suicide plan, lifetime suicidal ideation, and 12-month suicidal ideation among Chinese university students was higher during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before the pandemic. The prevalence of lifetime suicidal ideation did not increase among students with high family economic status, whereas the prevalence of lifetime suicide attempt increased among students with poor academic performance. Women, urban household registration, poor mental health status, poor academic performance, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms were associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation. Intervention measures targeted at reducing the academic pressure and financial difficulties of university students ought to constitute a crucial component of universities' efforts to prevent student suicidal behavior following public health crises. A more representative, long-term, longitudinal study should be used to track suicidal behavior among university students.