BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to examine workplace violence (WPV) toward primary care physicians (PCPs), including prevalence, associated factors, impacts, and response to WPV in Chengdu, China. METHODS: We used an online cross-sectional design to collect data from October to November 2022 with a structured self-administered questionnaire from a purposive sample of 568 PCPs in Chengdu city. RESULTS: Among the 490 valid questionnaires, 44.3% of respondents reported at least encountered 1 type of WPV in the preceding year, with 38.0% experiencing emotional abuse, 24.5% threats, 9.8% experiencing physical assault, 5.5% verbal sexual harassment, and 1.6% sexual abuse. The common perpetrators of WPV were patients (81.6%) and their relatives (44.2%). A multilevel analysis showed that PCPs without night shift had lower odds of experiencing WPV (odds ratios [OR] = 0.461, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.299-0.700, CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a moderate prevalence of violence against PCPs in primary care settings. Most PCPs lack coping strategies to handle WPV and suffer many negative effects. It is imperative that PCPs receive formal training in WPV management, and our study provides evidence to support such training programs.