Differences in mind-mindedness and parental reflective functioning (PRF) were investigated in mothers and their 6-month-old infants from South Korea (N = 66, 32 girls) and the United Kingdom (N = 63, 26 girls). Mind-mindedness was assessed in terms of appropriate and non-attuned mind-related comments during infant-mother interaction
PRF was assessed using a questionnaire. British mothers commented more on infant desires and preferences, whereas Korean mothers commented more on cognitions and emotions, but there were no cultural differences in overall levels of mind-mindedness. For PRF, Korean mothers reported more certainty about their infants' mental states compared with their British counterparts, but there were no cultural differences in mothers' reported interest in their infants' mental states. Greater reported certainty about infants' mental states was positively related to self-reported parenting quality in both cultural groups, but this association was not seen for parenting quality as assessed observationally. Mind-mindedness and PRF were unrelated in both Korean and British mothers. Results are discussed in terms of the Korean concept of mother-infant oneness and the multi-dimensional nature of parental mentalization.