Despite growing attention to the environmental pollution caused by tire wear particles (TWPs), the effects of pristine and photoaged TWPs (P-TWPs and A-TWPs) and their TWP leachates (TWPLs
P-TWPL and A-TWPL) on key nitrogen removal processes in estuarine sediments remain unclear. This study explores the responses of the denitrification rate, anammox rate, and nitrous oxide (N