This study aimed to elucidate the genetic basis of lipid composition in the breast muscles of poultry, including AA broilers, dwarf guinea fowl, quails, and pigeons, and the impact of artificial selection on lipid traits. By employing lipidomics and transcriptomic sequencing, the research analyzed the chest muscle tissues of these four poultry. A total of 1542 lipid molecules were identified, with 711 showing significant differences among species. These lipids primarily belonged to subclasses such as TG, PC, Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), Ceramides (Cer), and Diglyceride (DG), with each species demonstrating distinct profiles in these subclasses. Additionally, 5790 orthologous genes were identified, with 763, 767, 24, and 8 genes in AA broilers, dwarf guinea fowl, quails, and pigeons, respectively, exhibiting positive selection (