As an efficient and economical method to enhance oil recovery (EOR), it is very important to explore the applicability of chemical flooding under harsh reservoir conditions, such as high temperature and high salinity. We designed microscopic visualization oil displacement experiments to comprehensively evaluate the oil displacement performance of the zwitterionic surfactant betaine (BSB), a temperature- and salinity-resistant hydrophobically modified polymer (BHR), and surfactant-polymer (SP) binary systems. Based on macroscopic properties and microscopic oil displacement effects, we confirmed that the BSB/BHR binary solution has the potential to synergistically improve oil displacement efficiency and quantified the reduction in residual oil and oil displacement efficiency within the swept range. The experimental results show that after water flooding, a large amount of residual oil remains in the porous media in the form of clusters, porous structures, and columnar formations. After water flooding, only slight emulsification occurred after the injection of BSB solution, and the residual oil could not be activated. The injection of polymer after water flooding can expand the swept range to a certain extent. However, the distribution of residual oil in the swept range is similar to that of water flooding, and the oil washing efficiency is low. The SP binary flooding process can expand sweep coverage and effectively decompose large oil clusters simultaneously. This enhances the oil washing efficiency within the swept area and can significantly improve oil recovery. Finally, we obtained the microscopic oil displacement mechanism of BSB/BHR binary system to synergistically increase the swept volume and effectively activate the residual oil after water flooding. It is the result of the combined action of low interfacial tension (IFT) and suitable bulk viscosity. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing chemical flooding strategies in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs, significantly advancing EOR applications in harsh environments.