BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown that socioeconomic status influences cognitive health in adults. Therefore, it is important for the development of healthy aging policies to further investigate the effect of specific socioeconomic factors on cognitive function in older people and the possible mechanism. In this study, three specific socioeconomic factors (i.e., income, occupation, and education) were used as independent variables, and social support and social participation were used as the parallel or serial mediating variables to investigate the effect on cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults and the specific pathway of influence. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Pudong New District of Shanghai, China. A total of 970 community-dwelling older adults aged over 60 years old who had lived in their current location for more than 5 years were enrolled. Socioeconomic factors in older adults, including income, education level, and occupation before retirement, were investigated, and their cognitive function and social support and social participation levels were measured using the MoCA, MSPSS, and the quantity of participation in social activities, respectively. Covariates, including lifestyle, health status, sleep quality, and nutritional status, were assessed using a self-designed questionnaire, the PSQI, and the MNA-SF scale. Omnibus mediation effect analysis was adopted to examine the mediation effect, and the mediation analysis was performed using the SPSS PROCESS program. RESULTS: Community-dwelling older adults with higher income, more complex occupation, or higher education level had a better cognitive function, with β CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that social support and social participation independently and cumulatively mediate the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults. Therefore, improving the social support systems and encouraging older adults to actively participate in social activities may be beneficial in preventing or improving cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults. The findings also provide new insights for the future improvement of cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults in the future.