Asphalt pavement has become a vital component of modern highway construction due to its high wear resistance, short construction period, economic viability, and excellent skid resistance. However, increasing traffic volume has heightened the structural performance requirements of asphalt pavement, especially during compaction. The compaction degree of asphalt mixtures has emerged as a key indicator for assessing construction quality. This study explores the relationship between the internal structural evolution of asphalt mixtures and their compaction performance, focusing on the motion behavior of coarse aggregates. To achieve this, a wireless smart aggregate was developed using 3D printing technology to simulate coarse aggregate motion and enable real-time monitoring during compaction. Compaction experiments, including Superpave gyratory compaction and wheel rolling, were conducted on asphalt mixtures with different gradations (e.g., AC-13 and AC-20). The dynamic responses of smart aggregates were analyzed to identify motion patterns. The results show that the Superpave gyratory compaction method more accurately replicates aggregate motion observed in road construction. Additionally, asphalt mixture gradation significantly affects the motion behavior of coarse aggregates. This study provides insights into the microscale motion of coarse aggregates and its connection to compaction performance, contributing to improved asphalt pavement quality and efficiency.