In nature, communication between compartments, such as cells and organelles, gives rise to biological complexity. Two types of chemical communication play important roles in achieving this complexity: intra- and intercompartment communication. Building a bioinspired synthetic system that can exhibit such communication is of interest for realizing microscale artificial robots with the complexity of actual cells. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate intra- and interbead communication using microbeads made of hydrogels as compartments. We employed the diffusion and reaction of programmed DNA molecules as a medium for chemical communication. As a result of the reaction-diffusion dynamics of DNA, the spatiotemporal development of fluorophore-labeled DNAs was observed under fluorescence microscopy, showing both intra- and interbead communication. Our simple, robust, and scalable methodology will accelerate the fabrication of synthetic microsystems that may have complex functionalities from various local interactions.