BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Relationships among anxiety, self-efficacy, family health, and obesity-related eating behavior (OREB) have not been comprehensively investigated as a holistic system. This study aimed to explore the profiles of anxiety, self-efficacy, and family health in the adult population, and to test their differences in OREB. Furthermore, this study simultaneously examined the moderating effects of self-efficacy and family health on association between anxiety and OREB. METHOD: This study analyzed a nationally representative dataset from the Psychology and Behavior Investigation of Chinese Residents (PBICR) with a sample of 9091 Chinese adults. All participants completed validated questionnaires for study variables. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify profiles of anxiety, self-efficacy, and family health. ANOVA was performed to examine the differences in OREB among various profiles. Moderation analysis was conducted to test the moderation effects of self-efficacy and family health. RESULTS: Three profiles of anxiety, self-efficacy, and family health were identified, with 25.31 % of participants being classified into the "High anxiety with low levels of self-efficacy and family health" group, which showed the highest level of OREB among the three profiles. Self-efficacy (B = 0.04, 95 % CI = [0.026, 0.062]) and family health (B = 0.06, 95 % CI = [0.040, 0.086]) showed significant moderation effects, with higher self-efficacy and higher family health strengthening the relationship between anxiety and OREB. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with anxiety are at an elevated risk of developing unhealthy eating behaviors. Additional attention should still be paid to those with high levels of self-efficacy and family health.