Traditional methods of plasmid delivery, including viral vectors, lipofection, and electroporation, are widely used for gene editing but have limitations, such as cellular toxicity, limited transfection efficiency in primary cells, and nonspecific side effects. Here, we report the development of nucleus pulposus cell (NPC)-mimicking nanoparticles (HIF1A@NNP) with an NPC membrane as the shell and pcDNA3.1