In tropical forests, trees often have damage in the form of visible cavities. However, the impacts of these cavities on tropical tree growth and survival are unknown, despite potential implications for the global carbon cycle. Here, we integrate 10 years of forest dynamics data with a survey of cavity presence on 25,450 rainforest trees (>
5 cm in diameter) in the 20 ha Xishuangbanna plot in southern China. We found that cavities negatively impacted tree growth, but not survival, with the growth of smaller trees more negatively affected by cavities. Variation in the impact of cavities was not explained by functional traits related to species life history strategy (specific leaf area, wood density, seed mass, leaf %N, leaf %P). These results suggest that cavities may affect both the compositional and carbon dynamics of tropical forests, but further research is needed to determine what drives variation amongst tree species in cavity impact.