Methods for measuring environmental toxicity and identifying chemical toxicity drivers using non-targeted analysis (NTA) were reviewed in this systematic quantitative literature review. Effect-directed analysis (EDA) was used to assess sample toxicity and prioritise NTA sample analysis. The most common bioassays performed were estrogen, androgen and aryl hydrocarbon receptor assays, with many studies using test batteries. Across the 95 studies in this review, the toxicity could be explained (>
75 %) for eight studies, four studies had toxicity endpoints explained and unexplained, and 38 studies had unexplained (<
75 %) toxicity. The addition of NTA allowed for toxicity to be explained with a median of 47 % for TOX