BACKGROUND: Advancements in understanding spinal disorders and diagnostic techniques have increased the range and complexity of spinal surgeries. However, constraints have arisen in gaining experience techniques through actual surgical cases due to considerations of medical safety, efficiency in working hours, and cost-effectiveness. As such, off-the-job training is expected to play an increasingly significant role. Three-dimensional models have been used for organizing knowledge and training surgical techniques. Their strengths lie in safety, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, their proximity and limited realism make them less suitable for advanced training, restricting their use mainly to beginners. This study evaluates the potential of more realistic models for comprehensive surgical training and explores further applications of them. METHODS: MRT RESULTS: Seminar A, comparing MRT CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced structural detail and realistic simulation make these three-dimensional spinal models highly effective for both novice and specialist training, significantly improving the training experience across skill levels.