OBJECTIVES: Bone graft materials commonly used for maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA), including hydroxyapatite (HAp) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), are mostly granular and have poor handleability. HAp/collagen composite material (HAp/Col) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)/poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) have shown promise but their application in MSFA as bone graft materials remains unclear. Here, we investigated the bone-forming behavior of HAp/Col and β-TCP/PLGA in an MSFA rabbit model. METHODS: Male Japanese white rabbits were used. HAP/Col or β-TCP/PLGA was randomly applied to the MSFA model. The specimens were harvested at 4 weeks (W), 8W, 16W, and 24W after surgery, and the augmented regions were evaluated using micro-computed tomography and histological analyses. RESULTS: The graft materials were retained up to 16W in the HAp/Col group and 24W in the β-TCP/PLGA group. The augmented volume detected in the HAp/Col group at 4W was substantially reduced at subsequent time points. However, in the β-TCP/PLGA group, the volume observed at 4W was maintained up to 24W. In the HAp/Col group, the bone mineral content (BMC) at 4W was significantly lower than that at 8W (p = 0.03716), and this elevated BMC was significantly decreased at 16W (p = 0.00185) and 24W (p = 0.00236). In the β-TCP/PLGA group, the BMC tended to increase from 4W to 16W and then decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Both HAp/Col and β-TCP/PLGA are useful for MSFA because of their ability to form new bone and good handleability. The appropriate graft material should be selected depending on the application needs while understanding the properties of the newly formed bone.