PURPOSE: This study investigates the association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a cross-sectional cohort among cancer survivors and compares with cancer-free people. METHODS: Survivors of colorectal, hematological, gynecological, prostate, thyroid cancer, and melanoma diagnosed 2000-2014 were identified in the PROFILES registry, and an age- and sex-matched cancer-free population were identified in the CentER panel. HRQoL, education, and comorbidity were self-reported. Street-level income and clinical factors were obtained from Statistics Netherlands and the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations of SEP (measured by education and income) and impaired HRQoL among cancer survivors and the cancer-free population, adjusting for age, sex, and time since diagnosis. RESULTS: We included 6693 cancer survivors and 565 cancer-free people. Cancer survivors with low versus medium SEP more frequently reported impaired HRQoL (odds ratio (OR) range for all HRQoL outcomes, 1.06-1.78 for short education and 0.94-1.56 for low income). Survivors with high compared to medium SEP reported impaired HRQoL less frequently (OR range for all HRQoL outcomes, 0.46-0.81 for short education and 0.60-0.84 for low income). The association between SEP and HRQoL was similar in the matched cancer-free population. CONCLUSION: Low SEP was associated with impaired HRQoL in both cancer survivors and cancer-free people. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Targeted care is warranted for cancer survivors with impaired HRQoL, especially among those with low SEP.