Among military service members, the experience of never-deploying can create a negative affective state (i.e., "non-deployment emotions"
(NDE)) that increases stress and may contribute to higher rates of substance use among Reserve and National Guard soldiers. Little is known about how soldiers' negative NDE and substance use may affect the marital relationship of military couples. We examined the cross-spouse effects of male soldiers' negative NDE and alcohol and illicit drug use on female spouses' marital satisfaction, using cross-sectional data from never-deployed male soldiers and their female spouses (