Research on the effects of rice fertigation using treated municipal wastewater (TWW) as the sole source of nutrients and irrigation water remains limited. This study examined the impact of continuous TWW irrigation on rice-soil systems across three years (2021-2023), focusing on soil health, plant growth and yield, and the mineral and toxic element composition of rice grains. Forage rice cultivation using TWW fertigation (test field) was compared with conventional cultivation using chemical fertilisers and canal water (control field). The test field exhibited an average total nitrogen (TN) removal rate of 72 % across three crop seasons. However, low TN concentrations in TWW (2021: 4.7 mg L