PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and utility of an LET-optimized proton treatment planning algorithm in locally advanced rectal cancer and to assess whether the degree of LET-optimization achieved in clinical plans improves efficacy and toxicity in preclinical models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A series of five rectal cancer patients treated with standard 25 fraction clinical proton plans were re-planned using an LET-optimization treatment planning algorithm and evaluated for dosimetric endpoints. LET-optimized plans were generated using an algorithm which iteratively increases the weights of higher LET spots in GTV and lower LET in OARs. Murine and in vitro preclinical models of tumor efficacy and normal tissue toxicity were evaluated using comparable LET RESULTS: LET-optimized proton plans increased dose-averaged LET (LET CONCLUSIONS: LET-optimized proton plans increased LET
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