The North China leopard population in the eastern Loess Plateau, China, is highly fragmented and faces an increased risk of extinction due to habitat loss and environmental change. Therefore, timely research on leopard conservation in the Loess Plateau region can provide scientific guidance for its management and population recovery. To investigate the impacts of habitat fragmentation on genetic diversity, we analyzed 129 fecal samples from the eastern foot of the Loess Plateau, China. Using eight pairs of microsatellite loci and mitochondrial